Take any modern game and remove all of the characters from it. Despite the outstanding setting, you will have nothing to play with, literally. Character modeling is a pivotal element of any 3D modeling services since they are in high demand in a lot of industries: games, movies, cartoons, marketing, etc. 

Creating a 3D character model might not seem different from any other kind of modeling. But is it, since it requires a certain level of skills and multi-steps to complete a character. 

In this complete guide, we’ll walk you through every stage or character modeling: from drafting basic outlines to animation and rendering and anything in between.

However, let us compare it to 2D characters first.

3D Character Model vs 2D Character Model

Gaming and movie industries have developed long ago and seem nothing like the ones we know now. So basically, the main difference is that you no longer use 2D in games since 3D has all the benefits.

While they both have the right to exist, here is are the main benefit of the 3D character model over its 2D counterpart:

Animation 一 3D character model is easy to animate since it is already created in 3D space. There is no need to redraw it in different poses to display movements. 

Realism 一 3d characters are created with photographic accuracy and an extreme level of detail, original 2D sketches just can’t provide.

Visualization 一 unlike 2D, you can view 3D characters from different angles with more color and realism.

The simplicity of adjustment 一 it is much quicker to update, adjust and reuse 3D models to create new characters or supplement the existing scenes.

No wonder 3D character modeling is more popular than 2D in games, right?

Which Technique is Best for 3D Character Modeling?

Now that you know it’s best to put your efforts on the scales of a 3D character model, it’s time to choose the technique you will use.

Polygon Modeling

Polygon modeling is the basic form of 3D modeling any novice or expert comes across. It is used to create 3D models with polygons that form a polygon mesh. 

Modelers use this technique to create not only 3D characters, but any other game assets since polygons are easy to edit. 

Note: to make sure your model is moving smoothly, remember to add a sufficient number of polygons on movable parts like knees and elbows by subdividing the polygons.

The best thing about this method is you can use high poly modeling to achieve finer details of the objects close to the camera. However, if you need to model background objects or characters you’ll need to learn what is LOD and use low poly. 

NURBS Modeling

NURBS modeling, also known as spline modeling, is a method of creating 3D objects with flexible curves defined by complex mathematics. Applying this technique makes the 3D character model smooth. 

Still, there is a disadvantage.

Individual parts of the model set by the mathematical formula are hard to edit. You can’t edit it without violating the integrity of the whole model. So, the NURBS technique is used less often when it comes to character modeling.

3D Character Modeling Process

As mentioned before, creating a 3D character model is a multi-step process that you should cast a look at before you start. So, now we’ll go through it step-by-step.

Step 1: Creating Basic Design

The very first step in this process is to create a sketch of your future character model with the outline and all of the major features. There is no need to dive deep into details right from the start. It is enough to have an idea of the size and shape of the model to create front and side views. 

You can start with a simple 2D drawing or draft the sketch in the 3D modeling software. Most of them provide that. Once you finish with the outline, place the cube or any other basic geometry to sit in the X, Y, and Z planes. It should correspond to the top, bottom, and sides of your object. 

If you want to get more into your character concept you can also draw additional images of different movements, features, and costumes before you move on. But that’s not a necessity at this stage.

Step 2: Character Modeling

When the basic ideas are finished, the actual modeling process begins. That’s the longest stage in 3D character modeling that also includes several steps.

Blocking

Blocking is the stage when you combine different primitives to create the basic shape of your future model. This forms the basic outline of your character, including face, body, skeleton, and muscle frame. For example, you can combine several cubes and cylinders to fit your 3D character form which you’ll stylize later.

At this stage, you’ll understand that character modeling requires certain knowledge of anatomy to get the harmony of proportions even in hypertrophied forms. 

Sculpting

One of the most important parts of the 3D character modeling process is digital sculpting. Artists use something similar to digital clay to form a high level of detail.  

That’s where many of you might wonder why we didn’t include it in the character modeling techniques.

The thing is sculpting is used to create hyperrealistic details of the object that you couldn’t otherwise achieve with traditional modeling techniques. Still, it is best to use sculpting at this stage to create more details by inserting them into your polygon mesh.

Retopology

The topology of a 3D character model that will be animated is as important as the proper number of polygons. The structure of the surface determines the visual characteristics of the object and makes some details voluminous.  

However, precise 3D characters need to have an ideal topology where the number of polygons doesn’t influence their quality. That is why you have to retopologize your model to organize and align polygons locally. In other words, retopology aims at reducing the number of polygons in a model so the animation runs smoothly.

Unwrapping and Baking

The last thing in the character modeling stage before you can move it into the UV mapping and texturing stages is UV unwrapping and baking. You need to create a 2D representation of your 3D character model and bake it.

This was the last step in modeling a 3D character. But there is also one more to go through to make it complete.

Step 3: Texturing

Even if your 3D character model has impeccable details after you sculpt it and finetune the forms, you still need texture. It brings life to your model and makes it more real-like by applying color and surface. 

Typically, 3D characters have complex textures. So, once you UV unwrap your model you have to use the texture paint tool to apply multiple surface and color attributes like bumps and occlusions.

Those are micro details that matter the most after all. You need the texture to help you cover light effects, reflections, and other physical properties to make your 3D character realistic.

Note: creating shades and setting basic colors requires you to apply different texture maps to your model. Only after this, you can use the material textures to finish up.

Once you texture your 3D character model it is considered complete. All of the other stages need to be covered only in case you want to animate your model. And since 3D characters usually are animated, we have to cover them for you too.

Step 4: Rigging and Skinning

Character animation is a whole new level of 3D modeling. It requires you to know your character joint structure and how they operate to make your model move. For that, it also requires “preparation” in the form of rigging and skinning. 

Rigging is the process of creating a virtual skeleton of your 3D character model that defines the main points to integrate the body of your character together and make it move.

Pro tip: to create a balance between flexibility and realism of your character model movements you usually need from 20 to 100 bones. However, large bone numbers make it hard to manipulate.

Most 3D modeling software comes with ready-made skeleton samples. However, the rig must be consistent with the design of the model. Pay attention to that.

Next comes skinning that you use to secure the surface of the model and the skeleton together. The quality of skinning defines how a 3D character model appears when performing any actions. Once you skin the model, it is ready to be animated.

Step 6: Animation

Animation is the ultimate step in the 3D character modeling pipeline. It deserves a separate article, but we’ll delve into a few nuances to help you understand it better.

At this point, you breathe life into your 3D character. You animate its body movements, create facial expressions and evoke emotions to make it as close to real as possible. Usually, you use special tools to create all of these gestures and manipulate separate body parts. 

But how does it usually work?

As you know, the animation is a series of static images with different details. To reach the maximum realism of the movements, artists use keyframe animation. They define the character position in the first and last frames. All of the other frames are calculated by the program.

 It may sound complicated, but in reality, it is much simpler.

Top 3D Character Modeling Software

At this point, you might be agitated to jump right into the 3D character modeling process. It is totally justified since character modeling is extremely popular right now. 

However, before you do, you need to choose reliable software that will help you go through all of the stages we’ve just covered.

1. 3d Max

It is a paid 3D modeling software that is worth your while. It is one of the most popular character modeling software out there. It provides ready-made models and is compatible with most plug-ins and add-ons. 3d Max will help you to create not only 3D character models but a game environment and the whole world. 

The only drawback is that novices might find it overwhelming. So it is used mainly by professionals.

2. Maya 

Same as 3d Max, Maya is the Autodesk-native software for the character animation stage. Already rigged and skinned models are imported into Maya to get the finest details. It allows artists to work on the smallest movements of hair, clothes, and facial expressions. Maya offers a large set of tools and outstanding rendering capabilities to make the most out of the model.

3. Blender 

If you’re new to 3D character modeling, Blender is the best way to start with any level of knowledge and budget. This is the most popular free option for creating 3D character models and any other 3D objects. Though many of you might get confused with the interface, there are plenty of tutorials and guides to get you going with any character modeling type.

4. ZBrush 

Looking for the standalone modeling and sculpting tool you must come across ZBrush. It is the software-best suited for organic forms which game 3D characters usually are. So it is the best fit if you want to not only model and sculpt an object, but create a UV map, add texture and prepare it for rendering. It seems it does all of the same things as Blender, so there appears to be a never-ending battle of Blender vs ZBrush.

Each of these character modeling software gives you a unique set of features you need at each stage. Nothing stops you from starting simple and moving towards complexity.

The 3D character modeling is full of challenges and pitfalls you have to and will come across along the way. However, it is also deeply satisfying and rewarding since you create something unique every time. 

Hope this step-by-step will help you get into the process faster: right from the start and till the animation.

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The texture map is a final piece of a puzzle you just can’t do without when creating a model.  Same as none of the 3D visualization or 3D modeling services would be able to provide outstanding results if it wasn’t for the variety of texture maps. 

They are used to create special effects, repeating textures, patterns, and fine details like hair, skin, etc. If you have complete mesh and a UV map, simply applying texture to it won’t yield the results. 

You need texture maps to define the color, shininess, glow, transparency, and many other qualities of your 3D model. And these are just a few of them. 

We’re going to get you familiar with the most common types of texture maps in 3D modeling and their categories.

But first things first.

What is Texture Mapping?

Texture mapping, in its essence, means applying a 2D image onto the surface of 3D objects, known as UV mapping, so the computer can generate that data on the object during rendering.

Simply put: texture mapping is like wrapping an image around the object to map the pixels of the texture to the 3D surface.

It significantly reduces the number of polygons and lightning calculations required to create a sophisticated 3D scene.

PBR vs Non-PBR Modeling

You start working with texture long before you even finish your mesh since you always have to keep it in mind. The software you create a model for determines what texture maps you will use to add details.

There are texture maps for PBR or non-PBR materials. Both provide photorealistic textures, but one is a good fit for game engines and the other for marketing and promotional purposes. 

PBR is an abbreviation for physical-based rendering that uses accurate lighting to achieve photorealistic textures. Though it appeared in the 1980s, it’s become a standard for all materials now.

The best 3D modeling software to use PBR are Unity, Unreal Engine 4, Painter, Substance, and upcoming Blender v2.8. 

Non-PBR, on the contrary, also accounts for stunning photorealistic results, but at a much higher price. You need to use a lot more maps and settings to get these results even with the flexibility of the textures.

Maya, 3ds Max, and Modo are the most common applications that use non-PBR texture maps. 

With that said, if you create your 3D models for a game engine, you’d better go with the PBR textures. Still, if you pursue promotional purposes, you’ll be just fine rendering a model with non-PBR texture.

Pro tip: either way, you have to UV unwrap your model so the texture is mapped onto your model the way you intend it to, regardless of the texture type used.

PBR Texture Maps

Now, since the PBR is becoming more standardized and offers more variety of texture maps, we’ll start with them. 

As stated before, having a 2D image you want to place onto your 3D model is not enough to get the result. You use multiple texture maps to tweak different options to add richness and subtlety to your model. So, each map is responsible for different effects.

There are the following texture maps:

1. Albedo

Albedo texture maps are one of the most basic maps you use in your model since they define its basic color with no shadows or glare. Regarding this, they can be a flat light image of the pattern you want to apply to your object or a single color. 

Note: to avoid inconsistency in your 3D model, make sure the lighting is flat. The lightning may be different from the source image. It only creates unnecessary shadows.

Besides, they are often used to shade reflected light, especially in metal textures.

2. Ambient occlusion

Map scale: Gray 一 black denotes shadowed areas and white 一 the most lit areas.

If you’re looking for something opposite to Albedo maps but can’t find the name for it 一 it’s ambient occlusion map often referred to as AO. AO texture maps are usually combined with the albedo by the PBR engine to define how it reacts to light.

It is used to improve the realism of the object by simulating the shadows generated by the environment. So, shadows are not solid black, but more realistic and softer, especially at places that get less light.

3. Normal

Map scale: RGB values 一 green, red, and blue that correspond to X, Y, and Z axis.

In normal maps, RGB values (green, red, and blue) are used to create bumps and cracks in your model to add more depth to the polygon mesh. The R, G, and B dictate the X, Y, and Z axis of the base mesh in three directions to ensure better accuracy.

Moreover, it is important to note that normal maps don’t change the base geometry of an object. They just use complex calculations to fake the dents or bumps with the light effects. 

Note: since there is a lot of light used in a normal map, you should hide the seams of your object better, unless you want them to be clearly seen.

With such an approach these bumps are not visible past a certain viewing point, especially if they are exaggerated. However, it allows keeping the polygon count low while getting a real object.

So, it’s a win-win.

4. Roughness 

Map scale: Gray 一 black represents the maximum roughness, white 一 smooth surface.

A roughness or glossiness texture map is a self-explanatory map. So, it defines how smooth your model is, depending on how light reflects off it. This map is vital since different objects have different levels of roughness. Like, the light won’t be scattered across a mirror and rubber in the same way. 

So to reflect it in your model in the best possible way you have to tweak the roughness value. If it’s zero, the model won’t scatter light at all. The lightning and reflections will be brighter in this case. 

On the other hand, if it’s full, your material will get much more light scattered around. However, the lighting and reflection will appear dimmer.

5. Metalness

Map scale: Gray 一 black denotes non-metallic, white 一 fully metallic.

This one’s fairly easy to guess. This texture map defines whether an object is made of metal. Metal reflects light differently than other materials, so it can make a difference to the final look of your object. It easily simulates the real material and is closely tied with the albedo map.

Though metal maps are grayscale, it is recommended to use only black and white values.

Black, in this case, represents that part of the map using albedo map as the diffuse color and white 一 to define the brightness and color of the reflections and set black as the diffuse color for materials.

The reflections provide the details and color for the materials, so the diffuse color is not relevant in this case.

Overall, metal maps provide great value, but being tied with albedo maps sets some limitations for using them. 

6. Height

Map scale: Gray 一 black represents the bottom of the mesh, white 一 the peak.

To take one step further from the normal texture map, you have to use height maps. They give you the best details that look equally good at all angles and different lighting. 

Height maps are considered resource-intensive. Instead of faking the dents and bumps they actually modify the geometry of your model. Adding small details to the mesh doesn’t seem like a big deal until you realize that finer details come at a price. 

Pro tip: if you want to use height texture maps on the web, it’s best to bake them when exporting a 3D model.

Height maps increase the polygon count of an object. It might be fine for high poly modeling, but still, these maps slow down the rendering time. That’s why it is only used by high-end game engines, while others prefer normal maps. 

7. Specular

Map scale: full RGB 一 green, red and blue (metallic left out of albedo).

The alternative to the metalness map is the specular map that provides the same effect if not better. This texture map is responsible for the color and amount of light reflected by the object. It is important if you want to create shadows and reflections on non-metallic materials.

In PBR textures, specular ones affect how your albedo is rendered out of the desired texture and can use full RGB color for that.

Let’s say you want to create a brass material with the metal map. In this case, you just paint that section of your map a brass color in the albedo. The material will appear brass. 

Instead, if you use a specular map the brass section of the albedo will be black. Here you will need to paint the brass details onto the specular map. The result will be the same 一 material will appear brass.

Though you get more flexibility with specular maps, the process adds more complexity to this method.

So, it’s up to you which one to use 一 metalness or specular.

8. Opacity

Map scale: Gray 一 black defines transparent, white 一 opaque.

Since metal, wood, and plastic are not the only materials you use in your models, it is important to know about the opacity texture map. It allows you to make certain parts of your model transparent, especially if you’re creating glass elements or tree branches.

However, if your object is solid glass or made from other translucent material, it’s better to use the constant value of 0.0 being opaque and 1.0. 一 transparent.

9. Refraction

Map scale: constant value.

The material of an object defines how the light reflects off it. The light correspondingly affects whether an object looks real enough. It is especially important for certain surfaces like glass and water since they affect the speed of the light that travels through them. 

So, the light bends when it passes through gas or liquid which is called refraction. That is why certain things look distorted when viewed through a transparent object. Refraction contributes to that in real life and refraction texture maps help to replicate it in 3D space.

10. Self-illumination

Map scale: full RGB.

Same as the object can reflect the “external” light it can emit some light to be seen in dark areas as well. That’s where the last full PBR texture map 一 self-illumination or emissive color map 一  comes into play. 

It is used to create some LED buttons or simulate the light shining from buildings. Basically, it is like an albedo map, but for light.

Pro tip: while you can light an entire scene with the self-illumination map, it can wash realism off your 3D model. It’s better to use conventional lighting in this case. 

(Image-2 Texture Maps Guide)

Non-PBR Texture Maps

Since non-PBR texture maps are not standardized or used through a variety of 3D modeling software, there are quite a few to cover.

Diffuse

Diffuse maps are equivalent to the albedo maps. They not only define the basic color of your object but are used by the software to shade the reflected light. That’s actually what differs the diffuse map from albedo. 

Diffuse maps aren’t made with flat light and use shadow information to tint surrounding objects with color. You’d hardly notice it, but it will make your 3D object more realistic.

Bump

Map scale: Gray 一 black indicated the lowest point of geometry, white 一 the highest.

Bump maps are similar to the normal PBR maps but are more basic in that case. They are the least resource-intensive and use simple algorithms to alter the appearance of your 3D model. 

Unlike normal maps, they don’t use RGB to dictate three dimensions of a space. Instead, they utilize grayscale maps that work in an up or down direction, where black is the lowest point of the geometry and white is the highest.

However, there is a disadvantage. Bump texture maps are the best fit for flat surfaces since faking the geometry on round objects and their edges is faltering.

This inaccuracy is why the scale is tipped in favor of the normal maps.

Reflection

Finally, the reflection maps are equivalent to the gloss/roughness maps in the PBR workflow. They are usually a constant value used to define where your object should cast a reflection. 

Note: reflection is visible on the entire object, unless you use different materials. 

Working with textures is not simple. You should have gotten it by now. Texture mapping is a critical skill to master as textures make your 3D object complete. So, it is an important step you can’t miss out on when you learn how to 3D model.

A plain polygon mesh wouldn’t be as stunning as it is with textures, don’t you agree?

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Your 3D object is good only as long as it looks realistic. The realism and details, correspondingly, can’t be achieved through creating a polygon mesh. You need textures. 

That’s exactly when the subject of this article – the UV map – takes the stage. Most 3D modeling software creates the UV layout when the mesh is created. However, that doesn’t mean you don’t need to edit and adjust it to fit the requirements of a model. Then there is UV mapping and unwrapping which 3D modeling can’t do without. 

Sounds difficult?

Still, these concepts only sound complicated. In reality, it is much simpler and we’re going to prove it.

What is a UV Map?

A UV map is a two-dimensional representation of a surface of the 3D object. It is constructed from UV or texture coordinates that correspond to the vertex of the model information. Each texture coordinate has a corresponding point in 3D space – a vertice. So, these coordinates serve as the marker points that define what pixels on the texture correspond to what vertices.

Note: U and V in the UV map denote the horizontal and vertical axes of the 2D texture, since X, Y, and Z are already used to denote these of a 3D space.

The UV map is vital to 3D workflow. So you can’t miss it out when you learn how to 3D model. Though most applications create the UV layout as the model is created, don’t rely on it to do all the work for you.

Very often you have to edit or even create a UV map from scratch. It is called UV unwrapping.

UV Unwrapping: Elements

UV unwrapping is the process of unfolding or flattening your 3D geometry into a 2D representation so each polygon and face of a 3D object is tied to a face in the UV map. 

Unfortunately, distortions are inevitable when you UV unwrap your model. The size and shape of polygons have and will change to fit the flattening process. So, you have to do your best to cause as few distortions as possible while keeping the seams to the minimum.

And there are other things too.

Seams

A seam is a part of the mesh you have to split to create a 2D UV map out of your 3D mesh.

If your texture isn’t stretched and the object has hard edges, splitting all the polygons could seem like a perfect option. However, it will only be a downside in the form of a large number of seams.

Is there a way around this?

You can reduce the number of seams at a price of distorted texture which eventually won’t flow around the object smoothly.

Don’t be hard on yourself. It is nearly impossible to make the seams unnoticeable. Instead, you can learn to hide them by following certain rules:

• Hide the seams behind other parts of an object.
• Use an automatic mapping projection tool to project UV maps from multiple planes. 
• Make the seams follow the hard edges or cuts of the model.
• Create them to be underneath or behind a focal point of your model.
• Paint over the theme in the texture directly inside the 3D application.

Pro tip: once you create a UV map with the UV editor, create a snapshot of the UV map with the corresponding tool in your software. It will take a picture of your UV map and save it in the preferred image format. Then you’ll be able to import it in the 2D paint tool and paint onto the 3D model.

Overlapping UVs

Another pitfall you’re going to encounter when UV mapping is overlapping UVs. It happens when you have two or more polygons that occupy the same UV space. Correspondingly, overlapping UVs are when these polygons are put on top of one another and display the same texture. 

Usually, you have to avoid overlapping UVs so the texture looks correct and varied. However, sometimes you may even use it intentionally to repeat the texture on multiple parts of your mesh if it’s too basic. 

Note: It keeps the sizes of your texture down and makes the game engine run smoother if required, especially if the model is intended for mobile.

UV Channels

In case you need multiple UV maps for your 3D model, especially for game engines, you should explore UV channels. 

Sometimes, you might not need texture maps for your model, but still, need a UV map for light baking. Many real-time engines, like Unity or Unreal Engine 4 need that. In this case, there is no place for overlapping UVs since the shadow information will be applied to the wrong parts of the model.

Alternatively, you can use 2 UV channels 一 one with the UV map for textures and the other with the UV information for lighting.

Now that we’ve covered the elements of the UV map, it’s time to delve deeper into how it is applied to the object.

UV Mapping Projection Types

While UV unwrapping is the process of translating your 3D model into a 2D representation, UV mapping is about projecting a 2D image on the 3D surface so the 2D texture is wrapped around it. 

Usually, it is done through the projection technique which deploys different UV map projection types. They are usually based on simple geometric shapes which are a great way to start.

Spherical Map

As the name implies, spherical projection is used on the objects with the spherical form to wrap the texture around the polygon mesh. 

Cylindrical Map

Objects that can be enclosed completely and visible within the cylinder, like a leg or an arm, are mapped with the cylindrical projection type.

Planar Map

If a 3D object is very simple and relatively flat, planar projection is the best option to project a UV map onto it. Otherwise, if a model is too complex, the planar projection will cause overlapping UVs and distort the texture.

The same goes for all projection types we’ve just mentioned. Once you start 3D character modeling or any other type of modeling that works with complex meshes, you’ll find these projection types not very useful. 

Nevertheless, you still have full control over the UV map since you can apply a different projection type to every face of the mesh to achieve better results. Besides, you can opt for some advanced features some software offers you too.

Best Software for UV Mapping

While you master UV mapping, you find out that some basic features are not enough to reach the results you aim for. That’s when using software is the best option. There are quite a lot of applications that offer you different features, but here are the top 3 you should consider:

• Blender 一 is an open-source free 3D modeling software for fast modeling. Except for all the features like the animation toolset, photorealistic rendering, simulations, and object tracking, it offers to reduce UV unwrapping from hours to minutes.

• Ultimate Unwrap 3D 一  a paid tool for Windows that allows you to infold and unwrap 3D models. Besides, it goes with a set of UV mapping projections, a comprehensive UV editor, and a camera mapping.

• Rizom UV 一 is also a paid tool with a set of features that justify the price. It offers UV copying, magnet wields, auto seams, poly loop selection, Tile/Island naming, and more.

Conclusion

UV mapping is a critical skill to know since it allows you to transition your texture onto the model smoothly. Besides, it is not only the flattened topology of your model but a basis for your map bakes. 

So you have to keep mapping in mind while you create a model since a bad UV map can make even the best 3D objects look awful. Though UV mapping is a set of concepts and terms that may confuse you at first, it starts getting simpler along the way. Hope this guide helps you get one step closer to understanding UV maps better.

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In cases when you need to represent the standard geometry of an object as accurately as possible, NURBS modeling is the best option to go with. 

The accuracy is what makes it a good choice for computer-aided modeling (CAM). Besides, NURBS is one of many modeling techniques, you just can’t miss out when you learn how to 3D model.

Though it has plenty of advantages due to the surface quality – It often goes unappreciated because of the complexity of the modeling process. So, it’s time to clear the doubts and get you to know NURBS better.

What is NURBS modeling?

NURBS modeling stands for the Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines. They are a type of Bezier curves generated through a mathematical formula. So, it is used to represent different types of 3D shapes with complex mathematics. 

That’s why NURBS models are extremely flexible and suitable for all surface modeling processes: detailed illustrations, animation, and designs sent to production assembly lines.

What is the best software for NURBS modeling?

1. Blender – The best free tool for beginners. You can get started with a great program for NURBS modeling.
2. Rhino – It is much easier to use than Studiotools. Many people prefer Rhino also for its parametric modeling addons.
3. Mol – it is a more user friendly and easier program. It costs a lot less than Rhino.
4. Autodesk Alias – The best NURBS modeller by far. It can handle surfaces better compared to Rhino. If you are making models that will be manufactured, I highly recommend to try this software.
5. Ayam – One more free option. It is still being updated and developed to this day.

Modeling with NURBS

NURBS modeling is a great basis for creating 3D objects. With this technology, they can be constructed with either NURBS primitives or surfaces. 

In the first case, objects are in the form of basic geometric forms like a cube, cylinder, cone, sphere, etc. You can create any 3D shape from these forms by cutting out the unwanted parts, using sculpting tools, or changing the attributes of the primitives. 

Regarding the NURBS surfaces, you need to start by constructing the NURBS curves and surfaces to build the 3D form upon. Only then should you construct the NURBS surface.

What is the Difference Between Polygonal and NURBS Modeling?

You’ll meet polygonal and NURBS modeling in any 3D modeling services since they are quite similar. Still, some differences tell them apart. Since you’ve probably already gone through polygonal modeling, we have to cover these differences to show the contrast. 

Modeling Workflow

Creating objects in polygonal modeling is easy because it is usually an N-gon used to manipulate and change the mesh.  

In NURBS, on the contrary, objects are always 4-sided which sets some limitations in the modeling workflow.

What is more, NURBS objects are always separated and hard to attach, though you won’t even see the seams between them. 

Pro tip: convert a NURBS object into a polygon mesh in case you want to animate it, so the joints don’t come apart.

File Size

Oftentimes when you transfer polygonal models created to different 3D modeling software and programs, meshes get distorted for multiple reasons. 

However, you may not face the same issue with NURBS modeling since the files that contain mathematical model points are easily read. Moreover, the NURBS files are smaller in size which also makes them easier to store.

Texturing

To easily wrap textures around your 3D object you need to split it into a flat 2D representation – a UV map. It makes your object more realistic. 

Unfortunately, it won’t work with NURBS. You can’t UV unwrap the NURBS objects so it’s better to use polygonal mesh to adjust texture onto your mesh. 

Calculations

Polygonal modeling uses flat planes or polygons to create an object. Correspondingly, it calculates these polygons. However, it calculates the lines between the points, so it can’t make a smooth curve.

Note: You can use smoothing groups and increase the number of polygons to create the perception of the smoother curves.

NURBS, on the other hand, uses complex mathematics to calculate the splines between points that comprise a mesh.

While it allows higher accuracy than in polygonal modeling, NURBS calculations are harder to process. No wonder you’ll never see NURBS in video games. It is not used in applications where rendering time has to be fast.

The Advantages of NURBS

Maybe the complexity of mathematical calculations now scares you off the NURBS route. Whereas it has too many control points when compared to polygonal modeling, it has plenty of benefits you shouldn’t overlook. Learn more about a polygon mesh here.

• NURBS surfaces are easy to construct
• It offers smoother open, close, and clamped curves
• NURBS surface types are applied in different domains like vector graphics
• You can import NURBS data to different modeling, rendering, animation, or engineering analytic software
• NURBS helps to create curves and different types of organic 3D shapes
• You need less information to represent NURBS geometry, unlike with faceted approximations
• The evaluation rule of NURBS is accurately implemented on any computer graphics

And that’s not the end of the list. When you take a closer look, you’ll find out there is even more to it.

Is it Worth a Try? (Conclusion)

While NURBS modeling may seem like a tough nut to crack, you shouldn’t be discouraged from using it. The accuracy of the mathematically calculated 3D representation really pays off. 
You can use NURBS modeling to create a basis. Then convert the object into a polygonal mesh. Isn’t it a great start?

The post An Introduction to NURBS Modeling Software appeared first on 3D Studio.

While all of us interact with 3D modeling daily, few recognize it for what it really is. 3D modeling is a technology that’s been around for a while and found a widespread application in various industries, including games, films, design, architecture, and more. Therefore, there is a growing need for 3D modeling services that define new business, career, and education opportunities for you. 

So, if you’re wondering whether it is a good time for you to learn 3D modeling, start now. We’re going to help by covering the basics of how to 3D model. 

You’ll go through the main types of 3D modeling, learn about the basic building blocks of a 3D model and file types. You’ll discover the main 3D modeling principles, mistakes, and solutions.

On top of that, we’ll provide the best tips to get you going in 3D modeling. 

Isn’t it a great start?

This 3D modeling guide is going to change your perception of this technology and you’ll definitely view it as a new perspective. We guarantee that.

If you’ve already landed on this page and want to learn how to 3D model, then you surely know what is 3D modeling. However, before we start our journey through the 3D modeling fundamentals, let’s sum up what we know about it already.

3D modeling is a digital three-dimensional representation of an object or surface built by manipulating virtual points in space.

Now, we’re good to move on to the building blocks of a 3D model.

The Basics: 3D Modeling Building Blocks

When you learn how to 3D model you just can’t skip on the most basic components of a 3D model. So, let’s cover them for better understanding.

1. Vertex – the smallest unit of a 3D model (a point in space)
2. Edge – a line that is used to connect two vertices. The shape of the object is achieved by manipulating the edges.
3. Polygon – a shape formed with connected straight lines. The types of polygons are defined by the extent of the angles and the number of sides.
4. Mesh – a collection of polygons connected in their vertices, edges, and faces. A 3D object can consist of one or more 3D meshes.
5. Face – a part that fills up the space between edges and comprises the covered flat surfaces of a model. It is the most basic part of a polygon mesh.

Regarding this, there are defined low poly modeling and high poly modeling. The first one correspondingly is easier to load, view and edit. However, it isn’t detailed. The high poly model, on the other hand, has more details and higher density. But moving around a viewpoint and editing it is harder, not speaking about the rendering of such models.

Now that you can operate the most basic 3D model components you should also know about the 3D modeling environment you’ll be working with. Each 3D modeling program has either a vector or place environment. A vector is a geometric object with width and length, while a plane is a geometric space that extends afar.

Main Types of 3D Modeling

Knowing the basic points isn’t all it takes for you to learn how to 3D model. Once you realize that, you need to go through the main techniques used in 3D modeling to hone your skills in different areas.

1. Solid 

As the name suggests, solid modeling is the technique you use to create geometrically correct solid shapes. The design simulates not only the exterior but the interior of the model which makes it one of the most complex types of 3D modeling. 

It usually starts from preparing the wireframe model that is converted into 3D view and added some textures later on. Nevertheless, solid modeling allows you to see how your design looks and works from the beginning. 

2. Surface modeling

Surface 3D modeling is a way of presenting solid 3D objects that requires manipulating the exterior of the 3D model to view the object from different angles. It is very flexible and enables modelers to create 3D objects with various requirements. 

Note: Unlike in other 3D modeling techniques, the object doesn’t necessarily need to be geometrically correct. It allows the user to delete, replace and manipulate the faces of an object with fewer restrictions.

3. Wireframe

In wireframe 3D modeling an object consists only of points, circles, lines, and curves that are bent to achieve a 3D object. However, triangles are still considered the most typical elements of this kind of 3D modeling, where the more triangles there are, the more realistic the model.

The wireframe object is not solid, but rather considered a boundary of connected points. This makes it probably the least complex 3D modeling technique.

4. Digital Sculpting

Digital sculpting as the name suggests is like regular sculpting but in a digital environment. Sculpting tools are used to manipulate the mesh by pulling, pushing, pinching, and smoothing the surface of the object. The first layer always begins with defining the basic features of an object and advances to painting and texturing to create a more real-life model. It enables modelers to work with high-resolution meshes faster and more effectively to add on more details.

5. Box Modeling

When you learn how to 3D model you just can’t miss out on box modeling that is one of the most common polygonal 3D modeling techniques. It starts with the primitive shape like a cube or sphere that is manipulated till the intended model is achieved. The modeler works on a part of an object at a time or a whole object. The refining and subdivision continue till the low-resolution mesh turns out into an object with enough polygonal details and resembles the desired concept.

6. Edge Modeling

Since certain meshes are hard to complete with box modeling only, 3D modelers utilize the edge modeling technique. According to it, loops of polygons are placed along the outlines of a model. Then the gaps between them are filled out to achieve finer forms. 

Though it is also a polygonal modeling technique, in edge modeling the object is built piece by piece instead of refining the basic shape like in box modeling. 

Note:  you can’t create a human face with the edge modeling only. That is why you have to collaborate it with some other technique to achieve the desired object.

7. NURBS

Nurbs modeling, a non-uniform rational basis spline, is a 3D modeling technique that doesn’t have vertices, edges, or faces and is used to generate curves and surfaces. Usually, the model is created with a tool similar to a pen by drawing the curve in 3D space and controlling the series of handles. The curves are then placed along the contours with autofill of the space between them or revolve around a central axis. 

8. Sub-division modeling

This 3D modeling technique is a mix of NURBS and polygonal modeling where polygonal models are subdivided into smaller areas that are easier to handle. The modeler can refine certain subdivided areas and work on them easier. So, it makes sense to subdivide and refine the polygon as many times as needed for finer details.

9. NURMS

Nurms modeling or non-uniform rational mesh smooth technique is used to smoothen the mesh to achieve curved and round edges of an object.

10. Procedural Modeling

Creating organic objects and landscapes where variations and complexity are infinite is extremely hard, especially to draw by hand. That is why procedural modeling is used. Unlike any other technique on this list so far, 3D models are generated algorithmically by defining certain parameters. Once the model is generated, modelers can tweak it by changing the settings.

11. Image-based Modeling

3D objects in 3D modeling are derived from the 2D images static in nature. It is mainly used when you have limited time or budget on creating a fully realized 3D model. So that makes image-based modeling extremely popular in the entertainment industry, films in particular.

It is relatively easy in practice.

12. Boolean

If it takes too much time to create a 3D model, you can use boolean modeling to compensate for that. When you learn how to 3D model it might be really useful to combine different forms to create a new shape which is the basic concept of boolean modeling. The model is created with the help of two objects by either combining them or cutting one out of the other. Intersection, difference, and union are basic operations used in this technique.

13. Laser scanning

This 3D modeling type is probably the quickest one. It allows you to take the measurements of the real-life object with the help of the laser scanner without even touching it. Then all you need to do is manipulate the geometry of the scanned object to create a clean 3D model representation.

File Types

Regardless of the technique you use for the 3D modeling, each object is either a single element or a combination of different elements. Correspondingly, there are defined parts, assembly, or 2D visualization parts. Based on that 3D modeling software allows you to store various file types we’re going to cover next.

STEP

STEP stands for “Standard for the Exchange of Product Data” and is one of the most basic 3D modeling file types. It is used to describe product data without relying on other modeling systems.

STL 

This file type is extremely popular in 3D printing and computer-aided manufacturing since it is easier to transfer from 3D modeling software to a 3D printer.

OBJ

OBJ is also used for 3D printing to transfer 3D objects with polygonal faces, coordinates, texture maps, and other 3D object features to be printed.

FBX

FBX file format developed to interchange formats for Autodesk CAD programs. It supports model geometry, color, texture, and any other feature related to the appearance of an object. So, it is not hard to guess it is widely used in video games and filming industries.

3DS

This 3D modeling file format was also developed by Autodesk. It stores animation and other appearance-related features same as the FBX files. However, it is used mainly in engineering, architectural visualization, and academic domains.

When working with 3D modeling you’ll definitely come across each of these file types. So, now it’s time to learn more about the environment of the 3D modeling software. 

3D Design Environment

The features of each 3D modeling software differ. Some provide basic functionality without any further advancement and some are predominantly used only by the industry experts. Nevertheless, when you learn how to 3D model you have to know the basic tools and features you’ll come across very often.

Usually, the CAD programs offer you similar modeling environments where the file sits at the center and the tools used to manipulate the file frame the edges. 

Viewing tools

These tools allow you to rotate, pan, zoom in and view your model from different orientations. You can also set the viewing angles to work a specific plane or face and focus on certain aspects of your object. They also allow you to change the perspective, lightning, or background on the part you work on.

Design history

If you want to scroll back and see the work you’ve done step by step you refer to the history bar. It is extremely handy since as the name suggests you can edit some past actions, change or remove some features, alter dimensions and even restart your design from a certain point. It displays all of the actions you’ve taken to create a 3D model that allows you and others to trace the process.

Toolbar

The toolbar is the instrument you use to actually create 3D models. In other words, it is a bar with all the actions and features you gradually add to your model till the final object starts to come through. It is almost the same for every 3D modeling software. The only thing that might be different is the names and the layout of the toolbar.

Feature tree

The feature tree tool is similar to the design history since it also tracks the actions you’ve performed along the way. However, it displays the type of operation you’ve taken to create a part. 

In different file types, you can use the feature tree differently. If it is a part document you can view all the operations, features, and bodies you used to modify a part. At the same time, in an assembly files feature tree serves to display how parts of an object are connected to each other.

Points, axes, and planes

Reference geometry is one of the most important structural points of the 3D modeling software since it all starts from the geometries centered around the origin. These are points, axes, and planes used in 3D design to locate the objects in 3D space. 

It gets even more interesting.

CAD programs use the Cartesian coordinate system. Correspondingly all points are defined by the x,y, and z distances from the origin and X, Y, Z axes. The axes then form the XY, XZ, and YZ planes which you refer to in order to create dimensions on every stage of building your model. Besides, you also create new points, axes, and planes elsewhere in your 3D model.

Sketch

Since it usually starts from a sketch, it is important to mention the sketch toolbar you use to create 2D drawings. When working on a model, you can either generate 3D shapes based on a sketch or use it for reference when designing a part. 

Pro Tip: Start your sketch with the face or plane and then move on to the dimensions, drawing, and constraints tools.

Constraints and Dimensions

Dimensions and constraints save you from getting messy and altering your sketches in the process. Also, the dimensions tool helps you to get the correct size or angles for your shape. At the same time, you use constraints to create the relationships between the part elements and rules for the shape. 

Note: If you leave the sketch unconstrained you may change something in your part accidentally which is not the likely result.

As we’ve told you before, these are just the most basic features you have in a 3D modeling environment. There are far more features and tools you’ll discover along the way working with 3D.

3D Modeling Key Principles

Taking into account the 3D modeling technique, file type and the features of the CAD software you work with you always come across these key principles when creating a 3D model.

Deformations allow you to preserve the original model when creating a high polygon count. The topology of the 3D model is not changed which allows a designer to experiment with the forms and surfaces to achieve the intended result.

Measurements are the computation of the mesh values like surface area, fitting, volume, and cross-section. 

Manipulation comprises the transformation tools in CAD programs that allow one to transform an already designed model.

Binary operations are used in polygonal modeling to create a mesh from two other meshes by joining or intersecting them.

Most Common 3D Modeling Mistakes

Unfortunately, there is no shortcut when you learn how to 3D model and you must have the know-how of 3D modeling software and applications. However, before you master your skills in 3D modeling you’ll surely stumble upon some common pitfalls. 

So, we want to shed some light on the most common 3D modeling mistakes to help you avoid them on your way to a successful 3D modeling career.

1. Getting too ambitious from the beginning

Ambitions shouldn’t get the better of you when you 3D model since 3D modeling is a cumbersome task that requires precision, attention to detail, and a lot of technical skills. It challenges you. Though ambition induces success you shouldn’t jump over your head especially when you start.

Pro Tip:  You can’t create a masterpiece at the get-go. Hone your skills and get some experience first, so your ambition doesn’t backfire on you.

2. Starting complex projects too early

It is one of the most common 3D modeling mistakes that derives from ambition. A lot of beginners stumble upon complicated meshes and cumbersome topology only because they presume to be ready for them. Striving for complex projects won’t do you any good at the early stage. Move forward only once you have enough experience built up.

3. Creating excessive subdivisions too early

If you don’t want to lose the quality of your model, ace the shapes and polygons you already have before subdividing the mesh. Otherwise, you might find yourself in a situation where you want to tweak the shape but don’t have much space to do so. Make sure to use the resolution tool to avoid distorted shapes. 

4. Targeting seamless meshes

As a newbie don’t be misguided by the idea that a finished model should be in a seamless mech. It depends on how an object should be constructed in the real world. There is no need to wonder whether an object should be seamless or in separate geometry. Don’t stress over the seamless models since it is only a common misconception for those who just start in 3D modeling.

5. Creating an entire model as a whole

As we’ve already covered, 3D models consist of various polygons, faces, and meshes. That is why it gets too overwhelming when you try to create an entire model as a whole. Start simple by creating a manageable and simple piece, considering there are multiple 3D modeling tools to help with that.

6. Chaotic topology 

The appearance of the model matters the most. So, as a 3D modeler, newbie, or expert you can’t allow yourself to overlook topology. Moreover, authentics and functionality go hand in hand in topology. Correspondingly, you have to strive for clean geometry. Make sure the stray vertices don’t interrupt the edge loops and all of the surfaces are smooth.

Mistakes are imminent in 3D modeling as probably in any other field. However, as soon as you face them you gain new experiences and become ready for new challenges.

How to 3D Model Like a Pro: Tips

Finally, we come across the tips you need to apply to provide top-notch 3D services.

Choose the best 3D modeling software

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question of the best 3D modeling software. It entirely depends on your project, requirements, and the 3D technology you need to use to get the desired results. The multitude of 3D modeling software on the market could make it a tough choice for you. However, Blender, Sketchup, and Netfabb basic are great options if you just learn how to 3D model. 

Explore tutorials

The best way to get started with 3D modeling is to explore the tutorials. Besides, most 3D modeling software comes with its own set of guides of step-by-step instructions. Once you master the basics of operating a software you can delve into some specialized tutorials for the specific technique you want to practice. 

Learn the basics and start simple

To nail complex objects and create 3D apparel, buildings, and electronics you need to be confident about your skills. That is why the best way to learn how to 3D model is with cubes, triangles, and other primitive objects with simple meshes and low polygon count. Only after can you move on to more compound models.

Take notes

Visualize your future model, define how you start modeling and how the final object should look like. It will help you structure the process and organize your work for better results.

Practice different types of modeling 

Once you start with 3D modeling and learn the basics, you can easily get bored focusing only on one technique. Don’t miss out on a diversity of various 3D modeling types. Expand your range of expertise and refine your skills by exploring different forms of modeling. It won’t only make you innovative, but a versatile expert in your field.

Don’t rush

One of the best 3D modeling tips is taking it slow but steady. Choose the best software and technique to start. Find the tutorials and delve into learning. Take time to enjoy the process since 3D modeling requires patience. 

What is the Best Approach to 3D Modeling? (Conclusion)

As you might have guessed already, 3D modeling is an extensive field that requires a lot of technical and artistic skills. However, it gives you a choice. You can explore multiple 3D modeling types and techniques and choose several to concentrate on. 

Besides, you delve into the extensive market of 3D to tackle the fields you’d like to work with: from 3D rendering services to product visualization and 3D real estate.

Opportunities are limitless. 

All you need is to pursue your passion and never let a dead-end stop you from achieving your 3D modeling goals. Hope this guide has provided you with a comprehensive view of the 3D modeling concept since it is just the tip of the iceberg. 

We’ve got a lot of interesting topics in store for you.

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